[1].Öйú¼××´ÏÙ¹¦ÄÜ¿º½øÖ¢ºÍÆäËûÔ­Òò ËùÖ¼××´ÏÙ¶¾Ö¢ÕïÖÎÖ¸ÄÏ[J].¹ú¼ÊÄÚ·ÖÃÚ´úлÔÓÖ¾,2022,42(05):401-450.[doi:10.3760/cma.j.cn311282-20220624-00404]
µã»÷¸´ÖÆ

Öйú¼××´ÏÙ¹¦ÄÜ¿º½øÖ¢ºÍÆäËûÔ­Òò ËùÖ¼××´ÏÙ¶¾Ö¢ÕïÖÎÖ¸ÄÏ()
·ÖÏíµ½£º

¡¶¹ú¼ÊÄÚ·ÖÃÚ´úлÔÓÖ¾¡·[ISSN:1673-4157/CN:12-1383/R]

¾í:
42
ÆÚÊý:
2022Äê05ÆÚ
Ò³Âë:
401-450
À¸Ä¿:
Ö¸ÄÏÓ빲ʶ
³ö°æÈÕÆÚ:
2022-09-20

ÎÄÕÂÐÅÏ¢/Info

Title:
Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Hyperthyroidism and Other Causes of Thyrotoxicosis
×÷Õß:
ÖлªÒ½Ñ§»áÄÚ·ÖÃÚѧ·Ö»á ÖйúҽʦЭ»áÄÚ·ÖÃÚ´úл¿Æҽʦ·Ö»á ÖлªÒ½Ñ§»áºËҽѧ·Ö»á ÖлªÒ½Ñ§»áÍâ¿Æѧ·Ö»á¼××´ÏÙ¼°´úлÍâ¿Æѧ×é ÖйúҽʦЭ»áÍâ¿Æҽʦ·Ö»á¼××´ÏÙÍâ¿ÆҽʦίԱ»á
Author(s):
Chinese Society of Endocrinology; Chinese Endocrinologist Association; Chinese Society of Nuclear Medicine; Thyroid and Metabolism Surgery Group, Chinese Society of Surgery; Committee of Thyroid Surgeons, Chinese Medical Association
¹Ø¼ü´Ê:
¼××´ÏÙ¹¦ÄÜ¿º½øÖ¢ ¼××´ÏÙ¶¾Ö¢ Ö¸ÄÏ ÕïÖÎ
Keywords:
Hyperthyroidism Thyrotoxicosis Guideline Diagnosis and management
DOI:
10.3760/cma.j.cn311282-20220624-00404
ÕªÒª:
¼××´ÏÙ¹¦ÄÜ¿º½øÖ¢(¼×¿º)ÊÇÄÚ·ÖÃÚϵͳµÄ³£¼û²¡,ΪÁ˹淶Öйú¼×¿ºÁÙ´²ÕïÖÎ,5¸öѧ»áÁªºÏÖƶ¨Á˱¾Ö¸ÄÏ¡£Ö¸ÄϽáºÏ¸ÃÁìÓòµÄ¿Æѧ֤¾Ý¼°ÁÙ´²Ò½ÉúµÄ¾­Ñé,Öƶ¨ÁË107ÌõÍƼöÒâ¼û,ÄÚÈݺ­¸ÇÁ˼××´ÏÙ¶¾Ö¢²¡ÒòµÄ¼ø±ð¡¢Graves²¡Õï¶ÏºÍÖÎÁÆ·½°¸µÄÑ¡Ôñ¡¢¶ÔÌØÊâÈËȺµÄ¼×¿ºÀýÈçÇàÉÙÄê¼×¿º¡¢ÈÑÉïÆڼ׿º¡¢ÀÏÄê¼×¿ºµÄ¸öÐÔ»¯¹ÜÀí¡¢¼×¿ºÌØÊâÀàÐÍÈçGravesÑÛ²¡¡¢ÑÇÁÙ´²¼×¿º¡¢¼××´ÏÙΣÏó¡¢Ò©Ô´ÐԼ׿ºµÈÁÙ´²ÕïÖÎ,Ö¸ÄÏÊÊÓÃÓÚ´ÓÊÂÁÙ´²¹¤×÷µÄÄÚ¿Æ¡¢Íâ¿Æ¡¢ºËҽѧ¿Æ¡¢È«¿ÆҽѧµÈ¿ÆÊÒµÄÒ½Éú¡£ ±¾Ö¸ÄÏÓ롶ÖлªÄÚ·ÖÃÚ´úлÔÓÖ¾¡·Í¬²½·¢±í
Abstract:
Hyperthyroidism is a common endocrine disorder. To standardize the clinical diagnosis and treatment of hyperthyroidism in China, five societies jointly published this guideline. Based on scientific evidence and expert expertise in this area, the guideline has formulated 107 recommendations, covering the identification of the etiology of thyrotoxicosis, diagnosis and treatment options of Graves' disease, individualized management of hyperthyroidism in special populations such as adolescent hyperthyroidism, pregnancy hyperthyroidism and elderly hyperthyroidism, and the clinical diagnosis and treatment of special types of hyperthyroidism such as Graves' ophthalmopathy, subclinical hyperthyroidism, thyroid storm and drug-induced hyperthyroidism. The guideline is suitable for doctors engaged in clinical work in internal medicine, surgery, nuclear medicine, general practice and other departments. This guideline is published with ¡¶Chinese Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism¡· simutaneously.

²Î¿¼ÎÄÏ×/References:

[1] Ross DS, Burch HB, Cooper DS, et al. 2016 American Thyroid Association Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Hyperthyroidism and Other Causes of Thyrotoxicosis[J]. Thyroid, 2016,26(10):1343-1421. DOI: 10.1089/thy.2016.0229.
[2] Friberg L, Rosenqvist M, Lip GY. Evaluation of risk stratification schemes for ischaemic stroke and bleeding in 182 678 patients with atrial fibrillation: the Swedish Atrial Fibrillation cohort study[J]. Eur Heart J, 2012,33(12):1500-1510. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehr488.
[3] Baumgartner C, da Costa BR, Collet TH, et al. Thyroid Function Within the Normal Range, Subclinical Hypothyroidism, and the Risk of Atrial Fibrillation[J]. Circulation, 2017,136(22):2100-2116. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.028753.
[4] De Leo S, Lee SY, Braverman LE. Hyperthyroidism[J].Lancet(London),2016,388:906-918.DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00278-6.
[5] Biondi B, Cooper DS. Subclinical Hyperthyroidism[J]. N Engl J Med, 2018,378(25):2411-2419. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMcp1709318.
[6] ¡¶ÈÑÉïºÍ²úºó¼××´ÏÙ¼²²¡ÕïÖÎÖ¸ÄÏ¡·(µÚ2°æ)±à׫ίԱ»á, ÖлªÒ½Ñ§»áÄÚ·ÖÃÚѧ·Ö»á, ÖлªÒ½Ñ§»áΧ²úҽѧ·Ö»á. ÈÑÉïºÍ²úºó¼××´ÏÙ¼²²¡ÕïÖÎÖ¸ÄÏ(µÚ2°æ)[J]. ÖлªÄÚ·ÖÃÚ´úлÔÓÖ¾, 2019,35(8):636-665. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1000-6699.2019.08.003.
[7] ¡¶ÖйúÀÏÄêÈ˼××´ÏÙ¼²²¡ÕïÁÆר¼Ò¹²Ê¶¡·±àί»á. ÖйúÀÏÄêÈ˼××´ÏÙ¼²²¡ÕïÁÆר¼Ò¹²Ê¶(2021). ÖлªÄÚ·ÖÃÚ´úлÔÓÖ¾, 2021,37(5):399-417. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn311282-20210502-00273.
[8] Li Y, Teng D, Ba J, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Long-Term Universal Salt Iodization on Thyroid Disorders: Epidemiological Evidence from 31 Provinces of Mainland China[J]. Thyroid, 2020,30(4):568-579. DOI: 10.1089/thy.2019.0067.
[9] Nyström HF, Jansson S, Berg G. Incidence rate and clinical features of hyperthyroidism in a long-term iodine sufficient area of Sweden(Gothenburg)2003-2005[J]. Clin Endocrinol(Oxf), 2013,78(5):768-776. DOI: 10.1111/cen.12060.
[10] Go¢bkowski F, Buziak-Bereza M, Trofimiuk M, et al. Increased prevalence of hyperthyroidism as an early and transient side-effect of implementing iodine prophylaxis[J]. Public Health Nutr, 2007,10(8):799-802. DOI: 10.1017/S1368980007585939.
[11] Amouzegar A, Gharibzadeh S, Kazemian E, et al. The Prevalence, Incidence and Natural Course of Positive Antithyroperoxidase Antibodies in a Population-Based Study: Tehran Thyroid Study[J]. PLoS One, 2017,12(1):e0169283. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169283.
[12] Teng W, Shan Z, Teng X, et al. Effect of iodine intake on thyroid diseases in China[J]. N Engl J Med, 2006,354(26):2783-2793. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa054022.
[13] Sharif K, Watad A, Coplan L, et al. The role of stress in the mosaic of autoimmunity: An overlooked association[J]. Autoimmun Rev, 2018,17(10):967-983. DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2018.04.005.
[14] ÖлªÒ½Ñ§»áÄÚ·ÖÃÚѧ·Ö»á¡¶Öйú¼××´ÏÙ¼²²¡ÕïÖÎÖ¸ÄÏ¡·±àд×é. Öйú¼××´ÏÙ¼²²¡ÕïÖÎÖ¸ÄÏ¡ª¼××´ÏÙ¹¦ÄÜ¿º½øÖ¢[J]. ÖлªÄÚ¿ÆÔÓÖ¾, 2007,46(10):876-882. DOI: 10.3760/j.issn:0578-1426.2007.10.035.
[15] Kahaly GJ, Bartalena L, Hegedüs L, et al. 2018 European Thyroid Association Guideline for the Management of Graves' Hyperthyroidism[J]. Eur Thyroid J, 2018,7(4):167-186. DOI: 10.1159/000490384.
[16] Halsall DJ, Oddy S. Clinical and laboratory aspects of 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine(reverse T3)[J]. Ann Clin Biochem, 2021,58(1):29-37. DOI: 10.1177/0004563220969150.
[17] ëøÎÀƽ, µ¥ÖÒÑÞ. ¼××´ÏÙѧ[M]. ÉòÑô: ÁÉÄþ¿Æѧ¼¼Êõ³ö°æÉç, 2021.
[18] Baloch Z, Carayon P, Conte-Devolx B, et al. Laboratory medicine practice guidelines. Laboratory support for the diagnosis and monitoring of thyroid disease[J]. Thyroid, 2003,13(1):3-126. DOI: 10.1089/105072503321086962.
[19] ÂíÈðæÃ, »Æ»Û, ÑÏÔÃÈÜ, µÈ. Õý³£³ÉÈ˼××´ÏÙ¼¤ËØˮƽӰÏìÒòËØ̽ÌÖ[J]. ËÄ´¨´óѧѧ±¨(ҽѧ°æ), 2015,46(4):611-614.
[20] ÖлªÒ½Ñ§»á¼ìÑé·Ö»á, ÎÀÉú²¿ÁÙ´²¼ìÑéÖÐÐÄ, Öлª¼ìÑéҽѧÔÓÖ¾±à¼­Î¯Ô±»á. ¼××´ÏÙ¼²²¡Õï¶ÏÖÎÁÆÖÐʵÑéÊÒ¼ì²âÏîÄ¿µÄÓ¦Óý¨Òé[J]. Öлª¼ìÑéҽѧÔÓÖ¾, 2012,35(6):484-492. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1009-9158.2012.06.002.
[21] Zouwail SA, O'Toole AM, Clark PM, et al. Influence of thyroid hormone autoantibodies on 7 thyroid hormone assays[J]. Clin Chem, 2008,54(5):927-928. DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2007.099770.
[22] Favresse J, Burlacu MC, Maiter D, et al. Interferences With Thyroid Function Immunoassays: Clinical Implications and Detection Algorithm[J]. Endocr Rev, 2018,39(5):830-850. DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00119.
[23] Norden AG, Jackson RA, Norden LE, et al. Misleading results from immunoassays of serum free thyroxine in the presence of rheumatoid factor[J]. Clin Chem, 1997,43(6 Pt 1):957-962.
[24] Kummer S, Hermsen D, Distelmaier F. Biotin Treatment Mimicking Graves' Disease[J]. N Engl J Med, 2016,375(7):704-706. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc1602096.
[25] Soh SB, Aw TC. Laboratory Testing in Thyroid Conditions - Pitfalls and Clinical Utility[J]. Ann Lab Med, 2019,39(1):3-14. DOI: 10.3343/alm.2019.39.1.3.
[26] Kratzsch J, Baumann NA, Ceriotti F, et al. Global FT4 immunoassay standardization: an expert opinion review[J]. Clin Chem Lab Med, 2021,59(6):1013-1023. DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2020-1696.
[27] Yu S, Zhou W, Cheng X, et al. Comparison of Six Automated Immunoassays With Isotope-Diluted Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Total Thyroxine Measurement[J]. Ann Lab Med, 2019,39(4):381-387. DOI: 10.3343/alm.2019.39.4.381.
[28] de los Santos ET, Starich GH, Mazzaferri EL. Sensitivity, specificity, and cost-effectiveness of the sensitive thyrotropin assay in the diagnosis of thyroid disease in ambulatory patients[J]. Arch Intern Med, 1989,149(3):526-532. DOI: 10.1001/archinte.149.3.526.
[29] National Guideline Centre. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence[M]. Thyroid disease: assessment and management. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2019.
[30] Esfandiari NH, Papaleontiou M. Biochemical Testing in Thyroid Disorders[J]. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am, 2017,46(3):631-648. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2017.04.002.
[31] Biondi B, Bartalena L, Cooper DS, et al. The 2015 European Thyroid Association Guidelines on Diagnosis and Treatment of Endogenous Subclinical Hyperthyroidism[J]. Eur Thyroid J, 2015,4(3):149-163. DOI: 10.1159/000438750.
[32] Iyer S, Bahn R. Immunopathogenesis of Graves' ophthalmopathy: the role of the TSH receptor[J]. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2012,26(3):281-289. DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2011.10.003.
[33] Melmed S, Polonsky K S, Larsen P R,et al. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology[M]. Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2015.
[34] Kim JJ, Jeong SH, Kim B, et al. Analytical and clinical performance of newly developed immunoassay for detecting thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin, the Immulite TSI assay[J]. Scand J Clin Lab Invest, 2019,79(6):443-448. DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2019.1658216.
[35] Allelein S, Ehlers M, Goretzki S, et al. Clinical Evaluation of the First Automated Assay for the Detection of Stimulating TSH Receptor Autoantibodies[J]. Horm Metab Res, 2016,48(12):795-801. DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-121012.
[36] Bednarczuk T, Brix TH, Schima W, et al. 2021 European Thyroid Association Guidelines for the Management of Iodine-Based Contrast Media-Induced Thyroid Dysfunction[J]. Eur Thyroid J, 2021,10(4):269-284. DOI: 10.1159/000517175.
[37] ³ÂÁ¢Á¢, ÓáÒ»·É, Ôø·¼·¼, µÈ. µÚ3´ú´Ù¼××´ÏÙËØÊÜÌ忹Ìå²â¶¨·¨(Elecsys)¶Ô¼××´ÏÙ¶¾ÑªÖ¢µÄ¼ø±ðÕï¶Ï¼ÛÖµ[J]. ÖйúÁÙ´²Ò½Ñ§, 2021,28(1):80-84. DOI: 10.12025/j.issn.1008-6358.2021.20201871.
[38] Vos XG, Smit N, Endert E, et al. Frequency and characteristics of TBII-seronegative patients in a population with untreated Graves' hyperthyroidism: a prospective study[J]. Clin Endocrinol(Oxf), 2008,69(2):311-317. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03192.x.
[39] Eckstein AK, Plicht M, Lax H, et al. Thyrotropin receptor autoantibodies are independent risk factors for Graves' ophthalmopathy and help to predict severity and outcome of the disease[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2006,91(9):3464-3470. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2005-2813.
[40] Zimmer KP, Schmid KW, Böcker W, et al. Transcytosis of IgG from the basolateral to the apical membrane of human thyrocytes in autoimmune thyroid disease[J]. Curr Top Pathol, 1997,91:117-128. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-60531-4_9.
[41] La'ulu SL, Slev PR, Roberts WL. Performance characteristics of 5 automated thyroglobulin autoantibody and thyroid peroxidase autoantibody assays[J]. Clin Chim Acta, 2007,376(1-2):88-95. DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2006.07.018.
[42] ÖйúҽʦЭ»áÍâ¿Æҽʦ·Ö»á¼××´ÏÙÍâ¿ÆҽʦίԱ»á, ÖйúÑо¿ÐÍҽԺѧ»á¼××´ÏÙ¼²²¡×¨ÒµÎ¯Ô±»á, ÖйúÒ½ÁƱ£½¡¹ú¼Ê½»Á÷´Ù½ø»áÁÙ´²ÊµÓü¼Êõ·Ö»á. ¼××´ÏÙ¹¦ÄÜ¿º½øÖ¢Íâ¿ÆÖÎÁÆÖйúר¼Ò¹²Ê¶(2020°æ)[J]. ÖйúʵÓÃÍâ¿ÆÔÓÖ¾, 2020,40(11):1229-1233. DOI: 10.19538/j.cjps.issn1005-2208.2020.11.01.
[43] ÖлªÒ½Ñ§»á, ÖлªÒ½Ñ§»áÔÓÖ¾Éç, ÖлªÒ½Ñ§»áÈ«¿Æҽѧ·Ö»á, µÈ. ¼××´ÏÙ¹¦ÄÜ¿º½øÖ¢»ù²ãÕïÁÆÖ¸ÄÏ(2019Äê)[J]. ÖлªÈ«¿ÆҽʦÔÓÖ¾, 2019,18(12):1118-1128. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1671-7368.2019.12.002.
[44] Poppe K, Bisschop P, Fugazzola L, et al. 2021 European Thyroid Association Guideline on Thyroid Disorders prior to and during Assisted Reproduction[J]. Eur Thyroid J, 2021,9(6):281-295. DOI: 10.1159/000512790.
[45] Schenke SA, Görges R, Seifert P, et al. Update on diagnosis and treatment of hyperthyroidism: ultrasonography and functional imaging[J]. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 2021,65(2):102-112. DOI: 10.23736/S1824-4785.21.03333-1.
[46] Erdo(¡¦overg)an MF, Anil C, Cesur M, et al. Color flow Doppler sonography for the etiologic diagnosis of hyperthyroidism[J]. Thyroid, 2007,17(3):223-228. DOI: 10.1089/thy.2006.0104.
[47] Bogazzi F, Vitti P. Could improved ultrasound and power Doppler replace thyroidal radioiodine uptake to assess thyroid disease?[J]. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab, 2008,4(2):70-71. DOI: 10.1038/ncpendmet0692.
[48] Pedersen IB, Knudsen N, Perrild H, et al. TSH-receptor antibody measurement for differentiation of hyperthyroidism into Graves' disease and multinodular toxic goitre: a comparison of two competitive binding assays[J]. Clin Endocrinol(Oxf), 2001,55(3):381-390. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2265.2001.01347.x.
[49] Kim TK, Lee EJ. The value of the mean peak systolic velocity of the superior thyroidal artery in the differential diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis[J]. Ultrasonography, 2015,34(4):292-296. DOI: 10.14366/usg.14059.
[50] Kurita S, Sakurai M, Kita Y, et al. Measurement of thyroid blood flow area is useful for diagnosing the cause of thyrotoxicosis[J]. Thyroid, 2005,15(11):1249-1252. DOI: 10.1089/thy.2005.15.1249.
[51] Ota H, Amino N, Morita S, et al. Quantitative measurement of thyroid blood flow for differentiation of painless thyroiditis from Graves' disease[J]. Clin Endocrinol(Oxf), 2007,67(1):41-45. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02832.x.
[52] Uchida T, Takeno K, Goto M, et al. Superior thyroid artery mean peak systolic velocity for the diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis in Japanese patients[J]. Endocr J, 2010,57(5):439-443. DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.k09e-263.
[53] Peng X, Wu S, Bie C, et al. Mean peak systolic velocity of superior thyroid artery for the differential diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis: a diagnostic meta-analysis[J]. BMC Endocr Disord, 2019,19(1):56. DOI: 10.1186/s12902-019-0388-x.
[54] ѦÃÈ, ʯÇïÁá, Ì·À¤ÄÜ, µÈ. ²ÊÉ«¶àÆÕÀÕ³¬Éù¡¢¼××´ÏÙ¹¦Äܼ°¼××´ÏÙ×ÔÉí¿¹Ìå¼ì²éÔÚ¼ø±ðÈÑÉï¼××´ÏÙ¹¦ÄÜ¿º½øºÍGraves²¡ÖеļÛÖµ[J]. ÖлªÄÚ¿ÆÔÓÖ¾, 2016,55(6):470-473. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0578-1426.2016.06.014.
[55] Chung J, Lee YJ, Choi YJ, et al. Clinical applications of Doppler ultrasonography for thyroid disease: consensus statement by the Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology[J]. Ultrasonography, 2020,39(4):315-330. DOI: 10.14366/usg.20072.
[56] Alzahrani AS, Ceresini G, Aldasouqi SA. Role of ultrasonography in the differential diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis: a noninvasive, cost-effective, and widely available but underutilized diagnostic tool[J]. Endocr Pract, 2012,18(4):567-578. DOI: 10.4158/EP11170.RA.
[57] ½ªÏþ»ª, ·½Î¢Ô°, Ò¶ÀÙ, µÈ. ¼××´ÏÙ¼¤Ëصֿ¹×ÛºÏÕ÷µÄÁÙÕïÓ¦¶Ô[J]. ÖлªÄÚ·ÖÃÚ´úлÔÓÖ¾, 2013,29(2):165-169. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1000-6699.2013.02.018.
[58] Campi I, Covelli D, Moran C, et al. The Differential Diagnosis of Discrepant Thyroid Function Tests: Insistent Pitfalls and Updated Flow-Chart Based on a Long-Standing Experience[J]. Front Endocrinol(Lausanne), 2020,11:432. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00432.
[59] Han R, Shen L, Zhang J, et al. Diagnosing Thyrotropin-Secreting Pituitary Adenomas by Short-Term Somatostatin Analogue Test[J]. Thyroid, 2020,30(9):1236-1244. DOI: 10.1089/thy.2019.0470.
[60] Akamizu T, Satoh T, Isozaki O, et al. Diagnostic criteria, clinical features, and incidence of thyroid storm based on nationwide surveys[J]. Thyroid, 2012,22(7):661-679. DOI: 10.1089/thy.2011.0334.
[61] Angell TE, Lechner MG, Nguyen CT, et al. Clinical features and hospital outcomes in thyroid storm: a retrospective cohort study[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2015,100(2):451-459. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-2850.
[62] Klein I, Danzi S. Thyroid Disease and the Heart[J]. Curr Probl Cardiol, 2016,41(2):65-92. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2015.04.002.
[63] Swee du S, Chng CL, Lim A. Clinical characteristics and outcome of thyroid storm: a case series and review of neuropsychiatric derangements in thyrotoxicosis[J]. Endocr Pract, 2015,21(2):182-189. DOI: 10.4158/EP14023.OR.
[64] Nayak B, Burman K. Thyrotoxicosis and thyroid storm[J]. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am, 2006,35(4):663-686, vii. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2006.09.008.
[65] Pereira JV, Lim T. Hyperthyroidism in gestational trophoblastic disease - a literature review[J]. Thyroid Res, 2021,14(1):1. DOI: 10.1186/s13044-021-00092-3.
[66] Burch HB, Wartofsky L. Life-threatening thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid storm[J]. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am, 1993,22(2):263-277.
[67] Abuid J, Larsen PR. Triiodothyronine and thyroxine in hyperthyroidism. Comparison of the acute changes during therapy with antithyroid agents[J]. J Clin Invest, 1974,54(1):201-208. DOI: 10.1172/JCI107744.
[68] Cooper DS, Saxe VC, Meskell M, et al. Acute effects of propylthiouracil(PTU)on thyroidal iodide organification and peripheral iodothyronine deiodination: correlation with serum PTU levels measured by radioimmunoassay[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1982,54(1):101-107. DOI: 10.1210/jcem-54-1-101.
[69] Tyer NM, Kim TY, Martinez DS. Review of oral cholecystographic agents for the management of hyperthyroidism[J]. Endocr Pract, 2014,20(10):1084-1092. DOI: 10.4158/EP14024.RA.
[70] Chopra IJ, Williams DE, Orgiazzi J, et al. Opposite effects of dexamethasone on serum concentrations of 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine(reverse T3)and 3,3'5-triiodothyronine(T3)[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1975,41(5):911-920. DOI: 10.1210/jcem-41-5-911.
[71] Cooper DS, Daniels GH, Ladenson PW, et al. Hyperthyroxinemia in patients treated with high-dose propranolol[J]. Am J Med, 1982,73(6):867-871. DOI: 10.1016/0002-9343(82)90778-1.
[72] Muller C, Perrin P, Faller B, et al. Role of plasma exchange in the thyroid storm[J]. Ther Apher Dial, 2011,15(6):522-531. DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-9987.2011.01003.x.
[73] Scholz GH, Hagemann E, Arkenau C, et al. Is there a place for thyroidectomy in older patients with thyrotoxic storm and cardiorespiratory failure?[J]. Thyroid, 2003,13(10):933-940. DOI: 10.1089/105072503322511337.
[74] Turner P. Beta-adrenergic receptor blocking drugs in hyperthyroidism[J]. Drugs, 1974,7(1):48-54. DOI: 10.2165/00003495-197407010-00004.
[75] Clozel JP, Danchin N, Genton P, et al. Effects of propranolol and of verapamil on heart rate and blood pressure in hyperthyroidism[J]. Clin Pharmacol Ther, 1984,36(1):64-69. DOI: 10.1038/clpt.1984.140.
[76] Roti E, Montermini M, Roti S, et al. The effect of diltiazem, a calcium channel-blocking drug, on cardiac rate and rhythm in hyperthyroid patients[J]. Arch Intern Med, 1988,148(9):1919-1921.
[77] Kele ÿðþ ‰D timur F, Aksu A. The effect of diltiazem on the manifestations of hyperthyroidism and thyroid function tests[J]. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes, 1996,104(1):38-42. DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1211420.
[78] Nordin H, Galløe AM, Ladefoged SD, et al. The effects of propranolol and verapamil on hyperthyroid heart symptoms and function, assessed by systolic time intervals[J]. Acta Endocrinol(Copenh), 1993,128(4):297-300. DOI: 10.1530/acta.0.1280297.
[79] Cooper DS. Antithyroid drugs[J]. N Engl J Med, 2005,352(9):905-917. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra042972.
[80] Abraham P, Avenell A, McGeoch SC, et al. Antithyroid drug regimen for treating Graves' hyperthyroidism[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2010,(1):CD003420. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003420.pub4.
[81] Liu X, Qiang W, Liu X, et al. A second course of antithyroid drug therapy for recurrent Graves' disease: an experience in endocrine practice[J]. Eur J Endocrinol, 2015,172(3):321-326. DOI: 10.1530/EJE-14-0704.
[82] Carella C, Mazziotti G, Sorvillo F, et al. Serum thyrotropin receptor antibodies concentrations in patients with Graves' disease before, at the end of methimazole treatment, and after drug withdrawal: evidence that the activity of thyrotropin receptor antibody and/or thyroid response modify during the observation period[J]. Thyroid, 2006,16(3):295-302. DOI: 10.1089/thy.2006.16.295.
[83] Li J, Bai L, Wei F, et al. Effect of Addition of Thyroxine in the Treatment of Graves' Disease: A Systematic Review[J]. Front Endocrinol(Lausanne), 2020,11:560157. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.560157.
[84] Ikeda S, Schweiss JF. Excessive blood loss during operation in the patient treated with propylthiouracil[J]. Can Anaesth Soc J, 1982,29(5):477-480. DOI: 10.1007/BF03009412.
[85] Otsuka F, Noh JY, Chino T, et al. Hepatotoxicity and cutaneous reactions after antithyroid drug administration[J]. Clin Endocrinol(Oxf), 2012,77(2):310-315. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2012.04365.x.
[86] Aggarwal N, Tee SA, Saqib W, et al. Treatment of hyperthyroidism with antithyroid drugs corrects mild neutropenia in Graves' disease[J]. Clin Endocrinol(Oxf), 2016,85(6):949-953. DOI: 10.1111/cen.13133.
[87] Otsuka F, Noh JY, Chino T, et al. Hepatotoxicity and cutaneous reactions after antithyroid drug administration[J]. Clin Endocrinol(Oxf), 2012,77(2):310-315. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2012.04365.x.
[88] Scappaticcio L, Longo M, Maiorino MI, et al. Abnormal Liver Blood Tests in Patients with Hyperthyroidism: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis[J]. Thyroid, 2021,31(6):884-894. DOI: 10.1089/thy.2020.0715.
[89] He Y, Li J, Zheng J, et al. Emphasis on the early diagnosis of antithyroid drug-induced agranulocytosis: retrospective analysis over 16 years at one Chinese center[J]. J Endocrinol Invest, 2017,40(7):733-740. DOI: 10.1007/s40618-017-0626-x.
[90] Andersen SL, Olsen J, Laurberg P. Antithyroid Drug Side Effects in the Population and in Pregnancy[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2016,101(4):1606-1614. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-4274.
[91] Watanabe N, Narimatsu H, Noh JY, et al. Antithyroid drug-induced hematopoietic damage: a retrospective cohort study of agranulocytosis and pancytopenia involving 50,385 patients with Graves' disease[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2012,97(1):E49-53. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2011-2221.
[92] Nakamura H, Miyauchi A, Miyawaki N, et al. Analysis of 754 cases of antithyroid drug-induced agranulocytosis over 30 years in Japan[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2013,98(12):4776-4783. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-2569.
[93] Azizi F, Malboosbaf R. Safety of long-term antithyroid drug treatment? A systematic review[J]. J Endocrinol Invest, 2019,42(11):1273-1283. DOI: 10.1007/s40618-019-01054-1.
[94] Chen PL, Shih SR, Wang PW, et al. Genetic determinants of antithyroid drug-induced agranulocytosis by human leukocyte antigen genotyping and genome-wide association study[J]. Nat Commun, 2015,6:7633. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8633.
[95] Chen WT, Chi CC. Associations of HLA genotypes with antithyroid drug-induced agranulocytosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of pharmacogenomics studies[J]. Br J Clin Pharmacol, 2019,85(9):1878-1887. DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13989.
[96] He Y, Zheng J, Zhang Q, et al. Association of HLA-B and HLA-DRB1 polymorphisms with antithyroid drug-induced agranulocytosis in a Han population from northern China[J]. Sci Rep, 2017,7(1):11950. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12350-2.
[97] Takata K, Kubota S, Fukata S, et al. Methimazole-induced agranulocytosis in patients with Graves' disease is more frequent with an initial dose of 30 mg daily than with 15 mg daily[J]. Thyroid, 2009,19(6):559-563. DOI: 10.1089/thy.2008.0364.
[98] Andrès E, Kurtz JE, Perrin AE, et al. Haematopoietic growth factor in antithyroid-drug-induced agranulocytosis[J]. QJM, 2001,94(8):423-428. DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/94.8.423.
[99] Andersohn F, Konzen C, Garbe E. Systematic review: agranulocytosis induced by nonchemotherapy drugs[J]. Ann Intern Med, 2007,146(9):657-665. DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-146-9-200705010-00009.
[100] Meyer-Gessner M, Benker G, Lederbogen S, et al. Antithyroid drug-induced agranulocytosis: clinical experience with ten patients treated at one institution and review of the literature[J]. J Endocrinol Invest, 1994,17(1):29-36. DOI: 10.1007/BF03344959.
[101] Tajiri J, Noguchi S, Murakami T, et al. Antithyroid drug-induced agranulocytosis. The usefulness of routine white blood cell count monitoring[J]. Arch Intern Med, 1990,150(3):621-624. DOI: 10.1001/archinte.150.3.621.
[102] Ahmed K, Rao S, Simha V. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-positive vasculitis in a patient with graves disease: cross-reaction between propylthiouracil and methimazole[J]. Endocr Pract, 2010,16(3):449-451. DOI: 10.4158/EP09304.CR.
[103] ²ñÏþ·å, Á¬Ð¡À¼. Á£Ï¸°û¼¯Âä´Ì¼¤Òò×ÓÖÎÁÆ¿¹¼××´ÏÙÒ©ÎïÖÂÁ£Ï¸°ûȱ·¦Ö¢36ÀýÁÆЧ·ÖÎö[J]. ÖйúʵÓÃÄÚ¿ÆÔÓÖ¾, 2017,37(10):917-919. DOI: 10.19538/j.nk2017100113.
[104] Burch HB, Cooper DS. Management of Graves Disease: A Review[J]. JAMA, 2015,314(23):2544-2554. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2015.16535.
[105] Woeber KA. Methimazole-induced hepatotoxicity[J]. Endocr Pract, 2002,8(3):222-224. DOI: 10.4158/EP.8.3.222.
[106] Kim HJ, Kim BH, Han YS, et al. The incidence and clinical characteristics of symptomatic propylthiouracil-induced hepatic injury in patients with hyperthyroidism: a single-center retrospective study[J]. Am J Gastroenterol, 2001,96(1):165-169. DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.03469.x.
[107] Wang MT, Lee WJ, Huang TY, et al. Antithyroid drug-related hepatotoxicity in hyperthyroidism patients: a population-based cohort study[J]. Br J Clin Pharmacol, 2014,78(3):619-629. DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12336.
[108] Yang J, Li LF, Xu Q, et al. Analysis of 90 cases of antithyroid drug-induced severe hepatotoxicity over 13 years in China[J]. Thyroid, 2015,25(3):278-283. DOI: 10.1089/thy.2014.0350.
[109] Li X, Yang J, Jin S, et al. Mechanistic examination of methimazole-induced hepatotoxicity in patients with Grave's disease: a metabolomic approach[J]. Arch Toxicol, 2020,94(1):231-244. DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02618-z.
[110] Suzuki N, Noh JY, Hiruma M, et al. Analysis of Antithyroid Drug-Induced Severe Liver Injury in 18,558 Newly Diagnosed Patients with Graves' Disease in Japan[J]. Thyroid, 2019,29(10):1390-1398. DOI: 10.1089/thy.2019.0045.
[111] ¶ÎÈ», Àî¾². ¼××´ÏÙ¹¦ÄÜ¿º½øÖ¢ºÏ²¢¸ÎË𺦵ļø±ðÕï¶ÏºÍ´¦Àí[J]. ÖйúʵÓÃÄÚ¿ÆÔÓÖ¾, 2018,38(10):971-973. DOI: 10.19538/j.nk2018100122.
[112] Noh JY, Yasuda S, Sato S, et al. Clinical characteristics of myeloperoxidase antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis caused by antithyroid drugs[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2009,94(8):2806-2811. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2008-2700.
[113] Aloush V, Litinsky I, Caspi D, et al. Propylthiouracil-induced autoimmune syndromes: two distinct clinical presentations with different course and management[J]. Semin Arthritis Rheum, 2006,36(1):4-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2006.03.003.
[114] Balavoine AS, Glinoer D, Dubucquoi S, et al. Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Positive Small-Vessel Vasculitis Associated with Antithyroid Drug Therapy: How Significant Is the Clinical Problem?[J]. Thyroid, 2015,25(12):1273-1281. DOI: 10.1089/thy.2014.0603.
[115] Chen M, Gao Y, Guo XH, et al. Propylthiouracil-induced antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis[J]. Nat Rev Nephrol, 2012,8(8):476-483. DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2012.108.
[116] Gao Y, Zhao MH, Guo XH, et al. The prevalence and target antigens of antithyroid drugs induced antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies(ANCA)in Chinese patients with hyperthyroidism[J]. Endocr Res, 2004,30(2):205-213. DOI: 10.1081/erc-120037729.
[117] Slot MC, Links TP, Stegeman CA, et al. Occurrence of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies and associated vasculitis in patients with hyperthyroidism treated with antithyroid drugs: A long-term followup study[J]. Arthritis Rheum, 2005,53(1):108-113. DOI: 10.1002/art.20927.
[118] Gunton JE, Stiel J, Clifton-Bligh P, et al. Prevalence of positive anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody(ANCA)in patients receiving anti-thyroid medication[J]. Eur J Endocrinol, 2000,142(6):587. DOI: 10.1530/eje.0.1420587.
[119] Gao Y, Chen M, Ye H, et al. The target antigens of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies(ANCA)induced by propylthiouracil[J]. Int Immunopharmacol, 2007,7(1):55-60. DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2006.07.033.
[120] Yang J, Yao LP, Dong MJ, et al. Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Propylthiouracil-Induced Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis in Patients with Graves' Disease: A Median 38-Month Retrospective Cohort Study from a Single Institution in China[J]. Thyroid, 2017,27(12):1469-1474. DOI: 10.1089/thy.2017.0468.
[121] Gao Y, Chen M, Ye H, et al. Long-term outcomes of patients with propylthiouracil-induced anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic auto-antibody-associated vasculitis[J]. Rheumatology(Oxford), 2008,47(10):1515-1520. DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ken321.
[122] Gao Y, Chen M, Ye H, et al. Follow-up of avidity and titre of anti-myeloperoxidase antibodies in sera from patients with propylthiouracil-induced vasculitis[J]. Clin Endocrinol(Oxf), 2007,66(4):543-547. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02770.x.
[123] Yazisiz V, Ongüt G, Terzio(¡¦overg)lu E, et al. Clinical importance of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody positivity during propylthiouracil treatment[J]. Int J Clin Pract, 2010,64(1):19-24. DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2007.01485.x.
[124] ÖлªÒ½Ñ§»áºËҽѧ·Ö»á. 131IÖÎÁƸñÀ×·ò˹¼×¿ºÖ¸ÄÏ(2021°æ)[J]. ÖлªºËҽѧÓë·Ö×ÓÓ°ÏñÔÓÖ¾, 2021,41(4):242-253. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn321828-20201109-00405.
[125] ²ñ½õÑà, Ì·½¨, ÕŹðÖ¥,µÈ. ¸´·½µâÈÜÒº¶Ô¸ñÀ×·ò˹²¡»¼ÕßÉã131I¹¦Äܼ°131IÁÆЧµÄÓ°Ïì[J]. ÖлªºËҽѧÓë·Ö×ÓÓ°ÏñÔÓÖ¾, 2019,2019(1):24-27. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-2848.2019.01.007.
[126] Tagami T, Yambe Y, Tanaka T, et al. Short-term effects of ¦Â-adrenergic antagonists and methimazole in new-onset thyrotoxicosis caused by Graves' disease[J]. Intern Med, 2012,51(17):2285-2290. DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.51.7302.
[127] Bonnema SJ, Hegedüs L. Radioiodine therapy in benign thyroid diseases: effects, side effects, and factors affecting therapeutic outcome[J]. Endocr Rev, 2012,33(6):920-980. DOI: 10.1210/er.2012-1030.
[128] ÑÉú, ÍõÇ¿, ºúÃ÷Ôì, µÈ. Graves²¡ÔÙ´Î131IÖÎÁƵļÁÁ¿¼ÆËãºÍ²¡ÀýÑ¡Ôñ[J]. ÖлªºËҽѧÔÓÖ¾, 2001,21(1):16. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-2848.2001.01.022.
[129] Graham GD, Burman KD. Radioiodine treatment of Graves' disease. An assessment of its potential risks[J]. Ann Intern Med, 1986,105(6):900-905. DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-105-6-900.
[130] ÁõÀöÄÈ, Áõ±ó, »ÆÞ¨, µÈ. ºËҽѧÕïÁƵķøÉä·À»¤Ó밲ȫ[J]. ÖйúҽѧӰÏñ¼¼Êõ, 2017,33(12):1888-1892. DOI: 10.13929/j.1003-3289.201707009.
[131] Bartalena L, Chiovato L, Vitti P. Management of hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease: frequently asked questions and answers(if any)[J]. J Endocrinol Invest, 2016,39(10):1105-1114. DOI: 10.1007/s40618-016-0505-x.
[132] Ron E, Doody MM, Becker DV, et al. Cancer mortality following treatment for adult hyperthyroidism. Cooperative Thyrotoxicosis Therapy Follow-up Study Group[J]. JAMA, 1998,280(4):347-355. DOI: 10.1001/jama.280.4.347.
[133] Shim SR, Kitahara CM, Cha ES, et al. Cancer Risk After Radioactive Iodine Treatment for Hyperthyroidism: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis[J]. JAMA Netw Open, 2021,4(9):e2125072. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.25072.
[134] American Thyroid Association Taskforce On Radioiodine Safety, Sisson JC, Freitas J, et al. Radiation safety in the treatment of patients with thyroid diseases by radioiodine 131I: practice recommendations of the American Thyroid Association[J]. Thyroid, 2011,21(4):335-346. DOI: 10.1089/thy.2010.0403.
[135] Liu B, Tian R, Peng W, et al. Radiation Safety Precautions in(131)I Therapy of Graves' Disease Based on Actual Biokinetic Measurements[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2015,100(8):2934-2941. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-1682.
[136] ÖлªÈËÃñ¹²ºÍ¹úÎÀÉúºÍ¼Æ»®ÉúÓýίԱ»á. ÁÙ´²ºËҽѧ»¼Õß·À»¤ÒªÇó[M]. ÖлªÈËÃñ¹²ºÍ¹úÎÀÉúÐÐÒµ±ê×¼(WS 533-2017), 2017-11-01.
[137] Hamilton L, Lim AE, Clark LJ. Total thyroidectomy for Graves' disease-what do our patients think? A qualitative cohort study to evaluate the surgical management of Graves' disease[J]. Surgeon, 2020,18(4):193-196. DOI: 10.1016/j.surge.2019.09.005.
[138] Minuto MN, Reina S, Monti E, et al. Morbidity following thyroid surgery: acceptable rates and how to manage complicated patients[J]. J Endocrinol Invest, 2019,42(11):1291-1297. DOI: 10.1007/s40618-019-01064-z.
[139] Akamizu T. Thyroid Storm: A Japanese Perspective[J]. Thyroid, 2018,28(1):32-40. DOI: 10.1089/thy.2017.0243.
[140] Erbil Y, Ozluk Y, Giri ÿðþ ‰D M, et al. Effect of lugol solution on thyroid gland blood flow and microvessel density in the patients with Graves' disease[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2007,92(6):2182-2189. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2007-0229.
[141] ¸¶ÑÔÌÎ, Ëï»Ô. ¼××´ÏÙ¹¦ÄÜ¿º½ø²¡ÈËΧÊÖÊõÆÚµâ×¼±¸ÁÙ´²½øÕ¹[J]. ÖйúʵÓÃÍâ¿ÆÔÓÖ¾, 2018,38(6):630-634. DOI: 10.19538/j.cjps.issn1005-2208.2018.06.11.
[142] Corvilain B, Hamy A, Brunaud L, et al. Treatment of adult Graves' disease[J]. Ann Endocrinol(Paris), 2018,79(6):618-635. DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2018.08.003.
[143] Yabuta T, Ito Y, Hirokawa M, et al. Preoperative administration of excess iodide increases thyroid volume of patients with Graves' disease[J]. Endocr J, 2009,56(3):371-375. DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.k08e-240.
[144] Ö쾫ǿ, ÀîÖ¾»Ô, κÌÎ, µÈ. ¼××´ÏÙ¹¦ÄÜË¥½ß·¨ÔÚ¼××´ÏÙ¹¦ÄÜ¿º½øÊÖÊõÇ°×¼±¸µÄÇ°Õ°ÐÔÑо¿[J]. ËÄ´¨´óѧѧ±¨(ҽѧ°æ), 2007,38(5):866-870. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-173X.2007.05.031.
[145] Ö쾫ǿ, Áõ·ã. ¼××´ÏÙ¹¦ÄÜ¿º½øµÄÍâ¿ÆÖÎÁÆÖ®ÎÒ¼û[J]. ҽѧÓëÕÜѧ, 2013,34(18):22-24,30.
[146] ÁºÇà׳, Ò×ÐÁ, ÀîÅó, µÈ. ¼××´ÏÙ¹¦ÄÜ¿º½ø»¼ÕßΧÊÖÊõÆÚ²»·þµâ¼ÁµÄ̽ÌÖ[J]. ÖлªÆÕͨÍâ¿ÆÔÓÖ¾, 2019,34(9):810-811. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1007-631X.2019.09.019.
[147] Ali A, Debono M, Balasubramanian SP. Outcomes After Urgent Thyroidectomy Following Rapid Control of Thyrotoxicosis in Graves' Disease are Similar to Those After Elective Surgery in Well-Controlled Disease[J]. World J Surg, 2019,43(12):3051-3058. DOI: 10.1007/s00268-019-05125-5.
[148] ¬Ð㲨, ÍõÇìÕ×, Õž², µÈ. µØÈûÃ×ËÉÔÚÔ­·¢ÐÔ¼××´ÏÙ¹¦ÄÜ¿º½ø֢ΧÊÖÊõÆÚµÄÓ¦ÓÃ[J]. Ö£ÖÝ´óѧѧ±¨(ҽѧ°æ), 2002,37(4):417-419. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-6825.2002.04.007.
[149] Edafe O, Antakia R, Laskar N, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of predictors of post-thyroidectomy hypocalcaemia[J]. Br J Surg, 2014,101(4):307-320. DOI: 10.1002/bjs.9384.
[150] Oltmann SC, Brekke AV, Schneider DF, et al. Preventing postoperative hypocalcemia in patients with Graves disease: a prospective study[J]. Ann Surg Oncol, 2015,22(3):952-958. DOI: 10.1245/s10434-014-4077-8.
[151] Kim WW, Chung SH, Ban EJ, et al. Is Preoperative Vitamin D Deficiency a Risk Factor for Postoperative Symptomatic Hypocalcemia in Thyroid Cancer Patients Undergoing Total Thyroidectomy Plus Central Compartment Neck Dissection?[J]. Thyroid, 2015,25(8):911-918. DOI: 10.1089/thy.2014.0522.
[152] Genser L, Trésallet C, Godiris-Petit G, et al. Randomized controlled trial of alfacalcidol supplementation for the reduction of hypocalcemia after total thyroidectomy[J]. Am J Surg, 2014,207(1):39-45. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2013.05.007.
[153] Testa A, Fant V, De Rosa A, et al. Calcitriol plus hydrochlorothiazide prevents transient post-thyroidectomy hypocalcemia[J]. Horm Metab Res, 2006,38(12):821-826. DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-956504.
[154] Antakia R, Edafe O, Uttley L, et al. Effectiveness of preventative and other surgical measures on hypocalcemia following bilateral thyroid surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Thyroid, 2015,25(1):95-106. DOI: 10.1089/thy.2014.0101.
[155] Bobanga ID, McHenry CR. Treatment of patients with Graves' disease and the appropriate extent of thyroidectomy[J]. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2019,33(4):101319. DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2019.101319.
[156] Sugino K, Nagahama M, Kitagawa W, et al. Change of surgical strategy for Graves' disease from subtotal thyroidectomy to total thyroidectomy: a single institutional experience[J]. Endocr J, 2019,66(2):181-186. DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.EJ18-0324.
[157] Sung TY, Lee YM, Yoon JH, et al. Long-Term Effect of Surgery in Graves' Disease: 20 Years Experience in a Single Institution[J]. Int J Endocrinol, 2015,2015:542641. DOI: 10.1155/2015/542641.
[158] Sosa JA, Mehta PJ, Wang TS, et al. A population-based study of outcomes from thyroidectomy in aging Americans: at what cost?[J]. J Am Coll Surg, 2008,206(6):1097-1105. DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2007.11.023.
[159] Ylli D, Klubo-Gwiezdzinska J, Wartofsky L. Thyroid emergencies[J]. Pol Arch Intern Med, 2019,129(7-8):526-53

ÏàËÆÎÄÏ×/References:

[1]²Üö©,Ö£Èʶ«,³Â¹ú·¼,µÈ.¼××´ÏÙ¹¦ÄÜ¿º½øÖ¢°éÑÏÖØÒ©ÎïÐÔµ¨Ö­Óô»ýÐÔ¸ÎÑ×1Àý²¢ÎÄÏ׸´Ï°[J].¹ú¼ÊÄÚ·ÖÃÚ´úлÔÓÖ¾,2014,(03):214.[doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4157.2014.03.020]
¡¡Cao Wen,Zheng Rendong,Chen Guofang,et al.One case of hyperthyroidism with severe drug-induced cholestasis hepatitis and literature review[J].International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism,2014,(05):214.[doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4157.2014.03.020]
[2]³ÂˆÒ,³Â¹ú·¼,Ö£Èʶ«,µÈ.̼Ëá﮶Լ××´ÏÙ¹¦ÄܺÍÐÎ̬µÄÓ°Ïì[J].¹ú¼ÊÄÚ·ÖÃÚ´úлÔÓÖ¾,2014,(04):248.[doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4157.2014.04.009]
¡¡Chen Kun,Chen Guofang,Zheng Rendong,et al.Effects of carbonate lithium therapy on morphology and function of thyroid gland[J].International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism,2014,(05):248.[doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4157.2014.04.009]
[3]Ò¦Ñþ,Ö£Èʶ«,Áõ³¬.Ѫ½¬Öû»ÖÎÁƼ××´ÏÙ¹¦ÄÜ¿º½øÖ¢µÄÑо¿½øÕ¹[J].¹ú¼ÊÄÚ·ÖÃÚ´úлÔÓÖ¾,2020,40(05):320.[doi:10.3760/cma.j.cn121383-20191218-12047]
¡¡Yao Yao,Zheng Rendong,Liu Chao.Update on plasmapheresis for hyperthyroidism[J].International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism,2020,40(05):320.[doi:10.3760/cma.j.cn121383-20191218-12047]
[4]ÁúÀö ÕÅÐãÓ¢ ¼ÍÁ¢Å©.¼××´ÏÙÏà¹ØÑÛ²¡ÖÎÁÆÐÂÏ£Íû¡ª¡ªIGF-¢ñÊÜÌåÞ׿¹¼Á[J].¹ú¼ÊÄÚ·ÖÃÚ´úлÔÓÖ¾,2022,42(04):256.[doi:10.3760/cma.j.cn121383-20210420-04055]
¡¡Long Li,Zhang Xiuying,Ji Linong..New hope for the treatment of thyroid associated orbitopathy-IGF-¢ñ receptor antagonist[J].International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism,2022,42(05):256.[doi:10.3760/cma.j.cn121383-20210420-04055]
[5]ÐÏÓåÃô,µ¥ÖÒÑÞ.µâÓªÑøÓë¼××´ÏÙ¹¦ÄÜ¿º½øÖ¢:¹²Ê¶ÓëÕùÒé[J].¹ú¼ÊÄÚ·ÖÃÚ´úлÔÓÖ¾,2023,43(04):287.[doi:10.3760/cma.j.cn121383-20230508-05010]
¡¡Xing Yumin,Shan Zhongyan.Iodine nutrition and hyperthyroidism: consensus and controversy[J].International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism,2023,43(05):287.[doi:10.3760/cma.j.cn121383-20230508-05010]

±¸×¢/Memo

±¸×¢/Memo:
ͨÐÅ×÷Õß:µ¥ÖÒÑÞ(ÖйúÒ½¿Æ´óѧ¸½ÊôµÚÒ»Ò½ÔºÄÚ·ÖÃÚÓë´úл²¡¿Æ,ÉòÑô 110001),Email:cmushanzhongyan@163.com
¸üÐÂÈÕÆÚ/Last Update: 2022-09-10